When you connect two devices, you may see a Current/power draw that the PCIE slot is not capable of supplying. The devices may not be recognized properly, or only one may be recognized. Worst case, is that the PCIE card will try to draw too much current from the motherboard and overheat or damage a circuit.
Then again, your motherboard may supply enough Current for the card - it's just that the PCIE spec (connector) doesn't comply with the required Current draw of USB3.0