Thanks, Jotin. My provider is Time Warner Cable. I changed the MTU to 1401 (and saved/applied changes) and tried again, but I'm having the same issue.
As before, I cannot successfully ping domains from the terminal that the browsers won't load. Most sites work fine.
Below is a terminal session from after I applied the change:
iokaste:~ noetic$ ping mta.info
PING mta.info (170.28.8.40): 56 data bytes
Request timeout for icmp_seq 0
Request timeout for icmp_seq 1
Request timeout for icmp_seq 2
Request timeout for icmp_seq 3
Request timeout for icmp_seq 4
Request timeout for icmp_seq 5
Request timeout for icmp_seq 6
Request timeout for icmp_seq 7
Request timeout for icmp_seq 8
^C
--- mta.info ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100.0% packet loss
iokaste:~ noetic$ ping yahoo.com
PING yahoo.com (209.191.122.70): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 209.191.122.70: icmp_seq=0 ttl=49 time=49.570 ms
64 bytes from 209.191.122.70: icmp_seq=1 ttl=49 time=85.530 ms
64 bytes from 209.191.122.70: icmp_seq=2 ttl=49 time=53.957 ms
64 bytes from 209.191.122.70: icmp_seq=3 ttl=49 time=49.950 ms
64 bytes from 209.191.122.70: icmp_seq=4 ttl=49 time=53.950 ms
^C
--- yahoo.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 49.570/58.591/85.530/13.600 ms